Combination of r,r-glycopyrrolate, rolipram and budesonide for the treatment of inflammatory diseases - european patent office ep1971369 b

EP 1 971 369 B1
EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION
A61K 31/40 (2006.01)
A61K 31/58 (2006.01)
19.08.2009 Bulletin 2009/34
A61K 31/4015 (2006.01)
A61P 11/00 (2006.01)
A61P 29/00 (2006.01)
A61P 1/04 (2006.01)
(21) Application number: 06829226.7
A61P 11/06 (2006.01)
A61P 13/12 (2006.01)
A61P 17/06 (2006.01)
A61P 19/02 (2006.01)
A61P 25/28 (2006.01)
A61P 37/00 (2006.01)
Date of filing: 01.12.2006
A61P 37/08 (2006.01)
PCT/EP2006/011536
WO 2007/071313 (28.06.2007 Gazette 2007/26)
(54) COMBINATION OF R,R-GLYCOPYRROLATE, ROLIPRAM AND BUDESONIDE FOR THE
TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATORY DISEASES
KOMBINATION VON R,R-GLYCOPYRROLAT, ROLIPRAM UND BUDESONID ZUR BEHANDLUNG VON ENTZÜNDUNGSKRANKHEITEN COMBINAISON DE GLYCOPYRROLATE, DE ROLIPRAM ET DE BUDESONIDE POUR LE TRAITEMENT DE MALADIES INFLAMMATOIRES • KASTRUP, Horst
AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR
48161 Münster (DE)
HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC NL PL PT RO SE SI
• BAUHOFER, Artur
35039 Marburg (DE)
• CNOTA, Peter
61348 Bad Homburg (DE)
• SZELENYI, Istvan
(30) Priority: 21.12.2005 US 752058 P
90571 Schwaig (DE)
(43) Date of publication of application: 24.09.2008 Bulletin 2008/39
WO-A-01/76575
WO-A-20/05074918
WO-A-20/05074983
WO-A-20/05082413
WO-A-20/05115462
US-A1- 2005 107 420
09006788.5
US-A1- 2005 148 562
(73) Proprietor: MEDA Pharma GmbH & Co. KG
• PAHL ET AL: "Synergistic effects of the anti-
61352 Bad Homburg (DE)
cholinergic R,R-glycopyrrolate with anti-
inflammatory drugs" BIOCHEMICAL
PHARMACOLOGY, vol. 72, no. 12, 21 November
• MAUS, Joachim
2006 (2006-11-21), pages 1690-1696,
63165 Mühlheim (DE)
XP005774405 ISSN: 0006-2952
Note: Within nine months of the publication of the mention of the grant of the European patent in the European PatentBulletin, any person may give notice to the European Patent Office of opposition to that patent, in accordance with the Implementing Regulations. Notice of opposition shall not be deemed to have been filed until the opposition fee has beenpaid. (Art. 99(1) European Patent Convention).
EP 1 971 369 B1
Description
dominantly characterized by eosinophils and CD4+ lym-phocytes, neutrophil granulocytes, CD8+ lymphocytes The invention relates to novel combination of and macrophages appear to play a major role in the R,R-glycopyrrolate, rolipram and budesonide process for pathogenesis of COPD (Saetta et al. Am J Respir Crit its production and its use for the treatment of inflamma- Care Med 1999; 160:711-7, Shapiro Am J Respir Crit tory diseases, preferably respiratory diseases as bron- chial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseas- There is now strong evidence that airway in- es (COPD) or rheumatic or autoimmune diseases.
flammation is a predominant underlying problem in pa- Asthma bronchiale, affecting as many as 10% of individuals in industrialized nations, is characterized The pathophysiology of asthma involves an in- by bronchoconstriction, chronic airway inflammation, air- teractive network of molecular and cellular interactions, way hyperreactivity, and mucosal oedema. Airway re- although the contribution of each individual factor is prob- modelling and altered noncholinergic, nonadrenergic ably different from patient to patient depending on the neurotransmission may contribute to irreversible airway setting and stimulus. Major participants in the develop- obstruction and reduction of pulmonary function. Asthma ment of an asthma phenotype include the triggering stim- is characterized by recurrent episodes of breathless- uli such as the allergens themselves, cells such as T ness, wheezing, coughing, and chest tightness, termed cells, epithelial cells and mast cells that produce a variety exacerbations. The severity of exacerbations can range of cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TN- from mild to life threatening. The exacerbations can be Fα), interleukin(IL)-5, granuloyte-macrophage colony- a result of exposure to e.g. respiratory infections, dust, stimulating-factor (GM-CSF), IL-3, IL-4 and IL-13 and mould, pollen, cold air, exercise, stress, tobacco smoke, chemokines such as eotaxin, adhesion molecules, etc.
and air pollutants. Bronchial asthma has emerged as a Unfortunately, much less is known about the major public health problem worldwide over the past 20 pathogenesis of COPD than that of asthma. Recent stud- years. Although data indicate that current asthma thera- ies have greatly expanded the understanding of patho- pies led to limited decreases in death rates, it continues genetic mechanisms underlying COPD. Thus, there is to be a significant health care problem. It still is one of consent that COPD is also an inflammatory disease.
the leading causes of preventable hospitalization world- From the present pathogenetical point of view, COPD is wide and accounts for several million lost workdays.
defined as a progressive and not fully reversible airway Along with the increase in asthma prevalence, the costs obstruction with predominantly neutrophilic airway in- associated with this disease have also risen dramatically.
flammation. In COPD, the predominant inflammatory cell types are CD8+ T lymphocytes, macrophages, and neu- (COPD) is very common world-wide. It is primarily asso- trophils. Neutrophils and neutrophilic inflammatory mark- ciated with past and present cigarette smoking but the ers including IL-8, TNFα and LTB4 are increased in the fact that the society gets older also plays an even con- airways of COPD patients (Yamamoto et al. Chest 1997; tinuously increasing role. The prevalence of COPD varies 112:505-10, Keatings et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med between 3% and 10% with a steadily increasing trend.
Although COPD is a leading cause of illness and death, The current management of asthma and COPD its recognition as a public health problem has been slow is focussed on the improvement of the lung function of to evolve despite the rising mortality rate for COPD and patients. In both diseases but especially in COPD, the the decline in death rates for most of the cardiovascular first step is smoking cessation. There is evidence that diseases (Hurd Chest 2000; 117(2 Suppl):1S-4S). Addi- smoking reduction or cessation may result in improve- tionally, COPD imparts substantial economic burden on ment of some respiratory parameters.
individuals and society. COPD is a disease characterised Bronchoconstriction occurs due to bronchial by chronic inflammation and irreversible airflow obstruc- smooth muscle spasm and airway inflammation with tion with a decline in the lung function parameter FEV1 oedema. Whilst it is known that β2-adrenoceptor agonists that is more rapid than normal. The disease has two major provide symptomatic relief of patients suffering from asth- aspects of pathology, namely chronic bronchitis, charac- ma or COPD, another component of these airway disor- terised by mucus hypersecretion from the conducting air- ders, i.e. inflammation often requires separate treatment.
ways, and emphysema, characterised by destructive Typically this may involve treatment with a glucocorticoid, or a PDE4 inhibitor, respectively. Currently available glu- cocorticoids include beclomethasone, triamcinolone, problems characterised by a chronic inflammatory disor- budesonide, fluticasone, mometasone, ciclesonide, der of the airways. Airflow obstruction and airway inflam- loteprednol, etiprednol, flunisolide. PDE4 inhibitors are mation are features of asthma as well as COPD. Although now under clinical development. Some of them are short- the airway inflammation in asthma and COPD, respec- ly before approval, e.g. roflumilast, AWD-12 281.
tively, involve different cell types, both diseases are of Bronchoconstriction and inflammation are also chronic inflammatory nature associated with cellular in- associated with increased bronchial mucus production filtration and activation. While bronchial asthma is pre- and possible bronchial plugging, which can be treated EP 1 971 369 B1
with anticholinergics, such as ipratropium, oxitropium, ti- NM. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1997;84:223-43).
otropium, glycopyrrolate and in particular the RR enan- Autoimmune diseases are disorders in which the immune system produces antibodies against the Bronchodilators (ß2-adrenoceptor agonists and body’s own cells, destroying healthy tissue. These mis- anticholinergics) are now the mainstay of symptomatic directed immune responses are referred to as autoim- therapy. Short- and long-acting β2-adrenoceptor ago- munity, which can be demonstrated by the presence of nists such as salbutamol, fenoterol, salmeterol, formot- autoantibodies or T lymphocytes reactive with host anti- erol are established therapeutics in the symptomatic gens. Human autoimmune diseases can be divided into COPD management. Of the short-acting antimuscarinic two categories: organ-specific and systemic. In organ- drugs, ipratropium is widely used although antimuscarin- specific autoimmune disease (e.g. Graves’ disease, ic drugs are rather less efficacious in the relief of an asth- Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, type 1 diabetes mellitus), auto- ma attack than the β2-adrenoceptor agonists (Rodrigo reactivity is directed to antigens unique to a single organ.
and Rodrigo, Chest 2003; 123:1908-15). Recently, tio- In systemic autoimmune disease (e.g. RA, MS, SLE), tropium, a long-acting anticholinergic with a certain pref- autoreactivity is largely directed toward a broad range of erence to M3-muscarinic receptors has now been intro- antigens and involves a number of tissues.
duced world-wide (Hansel and Bames, Drugs Today Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a
(Barc) 2002; 38:585-600, Koumis and Samuel, Clin Ther chronic, usually life-long, potentially fatal autoimmune 2005; 27:377-92). Relatively sufficient anti-inflammatory disease. SLE is notable for unpredictable exacerbations therapy with glucocorticoids are available for asthma.
and remissions and a predilection for clinical involvement However, they are less effective in COPD. Additionally, of the joints, skin, kidney, brain, lung, heart, and gastroin- tiotropium reduces COPD exacerbations and related hospitalisations compared to placebo and ipratropium Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile idiopathic
(Barr et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; (2): arthritis, the seronegative spondylo-arthropathies includ- CD002876). Further long-acting anticholinergics are now ing psoriatic arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus under development. They are more convenient to use are all examples of rheumatic diseases in which inflam- for patients with advanced disease who require mainte- mation is associated with skeletal pathology. RA is the nance therapy with bronchodilators, and have been most common inflammatory joint disease and a major shown to provide superior efficacy compared with short- cause of functional disability, morbidity, and premature mortality. Inflammation of the synovial membrane sur- The basic tenet of asthma therapy has centred rounding a joint leads to swollen, tender, and stiff joints.
on optimal management of the underlying inflammatory This may be accompanied by fatigue, weight loss, anxi- process. The most recent expert recommendations strongly support the use of inhaled glucocorticoids. Bron- Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) usually requires life- chodilators are used for transient relief of symptoms in long treatment. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs these patients and for additional symptomatic control in (NSAIDs) have been the cornerstone of therapy for RA.
patients who have persistent symptoms despite inhaled NSAIDs reduce pain and inflammation and allow for im- glucocorticoid therapy (http://www.ginasthma.com/). In provements in mobility and function. Aspirin and other well-defined COPD, therapeutic alternatives vary. Be- NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen, diclofenac, fenoprofen, in- cause there is no currently accepted pharmacologic ther- domethacin, naproxen are strongly anti-flammatoric and apy that alters the natural history of the disease, thera- analgetic. Their strong gastrointestinal side effects often peutic emphasis is placed on symptom relief. Unlike in limit their use. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors asthma therapy, bronchodilators play a prominent role in were initially believed to cause fewer stomach problems the initial therapy for symptomatic COPD patients. In this than classical NSAIDs. However, the use of COX-2 in- regard, long-acting ß2-adrenoceptor agonists and the hibitors is considerable limited due their cardiovascular new long-acting anticholinergic agent (tiotropium) offer undesired effects. Corticosteroids, used alone or in con- distinct advantages. In contrast, inhaled glucocorticoids junction with other medications, may reduce the symp- appear to have a more limited role in COPD. On the other tomatology associated with RA. In fact, corticosteroids hand, inhaled glucocorticoids have been shown to have reduce inflammation in RA. However, because of poten- beneficial effects on health status and to decrease exac- tial long-term side effects (e.g. gastrointestinal ulcera- tion, osteoporosis, cataract development, glaucoma, Autoimmune diseases (e.g. rheumatoid arthri- etc.), corticosteroid use is usually limited to short courses tis [RA], systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE], multiple and low doses where possible. Drugs like anticholiner- sclerosis [MS], glomerulonephritis, inflammatory bowel gics are frequently used in combination with GCs to re- diseases [Morbus Cohn, colitis ulcerosa], psoriasis) be- duce ulcer development induced by GCs.
long to the major health problems worldwide. Autoim- The current standard of care is aggressive ther- mune diseases are among the ten leading causes of apy with anti-inflammatory drugs and disease-modifying death. Most of autoimmune diseases require lifelong treatment (Jacobson DL, Grange SJ, Rose NR, Graham DMARDs most frequently are used in various EP 1 971 369 B1
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors are a rel- The pharmacodynamic properties of all these atively new class of medications used to treat autoim- drug classes, anticholinergics (especially R,R-glycopyr- mune disease. They include etanercept (soluble TNF re- rolate), PDE4 inhibitors, and/or inhaled GCs complement ceptor), infliximab (monoclonal antibody against TNF), one another and result in more efficacious treatment of adalimumab (human TNF antiobody) and anakinra (re- the mentioned diseases, which is surprisingly over-addi- combinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist).
tive even compared to the dual combinations. Further- The term inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
more, since the doses of monocompounds are in the describes a group of chronic inflammatory disorders of combination lower, the incidence of adverse effects can unknown causes involving the gastrointestinal tract be reduced by using the combination. Additionally, the (GIT). Patients with IBD can be divided into two major patients’ compliance is also increased.
groups, those with ulcerative colitis (UC) and those with Antimuscarinic treatment of asthma and
Crohn’s disease (CD). In patients with UC, there is an COPD has a relatively long history leading to its present inflammatory reaction primarily involving the colonic mu- day use as an effective bronchodilating drug for obstruc- cosa. The inflammation is typically uniform and continu- tive pulmonary diseases. Anticholinergic agents are ex- ous with no intervening areas of normal mucosa. CD dif- emplified by the belladonna alkaloids atropine and sco- fers from UC in that the inflammation extends through all polamine, which inhibit the muscarinic action of acetyl- layers of the intestinal wall and involves mesentery as choline on structure innervated by postganglionic cholin- well as lymph nodes. CD can occur anywhere along the ergic nerves. These agents typically inhibit bronchocon- striction by relaxing of smooth muscles and cause con- Current therapies comprise aminosalicylates, siderable bronchodilation. Anticholinergic agents also drugs that contain 5-aminosalicyclic acid (5-ASA), which are known to exert central effects which include pupil help to control inflammation. Sulfasalazine is mainly use- dilatation and stimulation and/or depression of the central ful in colonic disease because the active compound, 5- nervous system. Novel anticholinergic pharmaceuticals aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), is released in the large bow- have been developed which have a limited capacity to el by bacterial degradation of the parent compound.
pass across the blood-brain barrier, and therefore have Products such as mesalamine that release 5-ASA in the a limited capacity to produce central effects. Examples distal small bowel secondary to pH changes are more of these agents are the quaternary ammonium com- useful in patients with small intestinal Crohn disease.
pounds methscopolamine, ipratropium, oxitropium, tio- Other 5-ASA agents, such as olsalazine, mesalamine, tropium and the enantiomers of glycopyrrolate. Some ex- and balsalazide, have a different carrier, fewer side ef- perts recommend ipratropium as the first choice. It has fects, and may be used by people who cannot take sul- a very slow onset and can be used as maintenance ther- fasalazine. Immunomodulators such as azathioprine and apy for people with emphysema and chronic bronchitis 6-mercapto-purine reduce inflammation by affecting the with few severe side effects. However, a patient should not take more than 12 inhalations per day. The recently Since TNF is a key inflammatory cytokine and introduced tiotropium has a long duration of action and mediator of intestinal inflammation, compounds directed against this cytokine such as infliximab are promising in Anticholinergic medications have been accept- IBD. In certain cases, immunosuppressive agents: cy- ed as an important treatment modality in COPD and closporine A, tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil may be chronic asthma. The anticholinergic bronchodilator, the muscarinic receptor antagonist, used in this invention will Glycopyrrolate belongs to the so-called anti-
be a long-acting compound. Any compound of this type cholinergic drugs and antagonizes the neurotransmitter can be used in this combination therapy approach. By acetylcholine at its receptor site. This effect leads to a long-lasting it is meant that the drug will have an effect considerable bronchodilatation and a reduced mucus se- on the bronchi that lasts around 12 hours or more, up to cretion. To date, one of the most effective medications 24 hours. The recently approved long acting inhaled an- for airway inflammation is inhaled glucocorticoids
ticholinergic drug, tiotropium, produces sustained bron- (GCs). These compounds practically inhibit all important chodilation throughout the 24 hour day (Calverley et al.
inflammatory processes involved in asthma and partly in Thorax 2003a; 58:855-60). In fact, bronchodilators im- COPD, at least, to a considerable extent. Inhibitors of
prove symptoms and quality of life, in COPD patients, the isoenzyme PDE4 reduce the inflammatory process-
but, with the exception of tiotropium, they do not signifi- cantly influence the natural course of the disease (Car- A cornerstone in the management of asthma amori and Adcock, Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2003; 16: and COPD is the control of airway inflammation. All drug classes mentioned above are able to reduce airway in- Glycopyrrolate, a quaternary ammonium anti- flammation to various extents. Therefore, our intention cholinergic compound, consists of four stereoisomers. It was to combine these drug classes with the aim to im- is poorly absorbed from mucus membranes, thus reduc- prove the bronchodilatory effect and to enhance the anti- ing anticholinergic side effects (Ali-Melkkila et al. Acta EP 1 971 369 B1
Anaesthesiol Scand 1993; 37:633-42). Glycopyrrolate prove the health status of these patients (Nishimura et possesses no selectivity in its binding to the M1-M3 re- al. Chest 1999; 115:31-7, Selroos, Curr Med Res Opin ceptors. Kinetics studies, however, showed that glycop- 2004; 20:1579-93). But it has to be admitted that current yrrolate dissociates slowly from M3 muscarinic receptors pharmacological treatment of COPD is unsatisfactory, (Haddad et al. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 127:413-20). Sim- as it does not significantly influence the severity of the ilarly to tiotropium, this behavior explains glycopyrrolate’s disease or its natural course. In general, inhaled gluco- relative receptor selectivity and its long duration of action.
corticoids have relatively little impact on the inflammatory Indeed, there is evidence that racemic glycopyrrolate processes that characterize COPD (Adcock and Chung, produces considerable and long-lasting bronchodilatory Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2002; 3:58-60) and are not suit- effects both in asthmatic and in COPD patients (Walker able for monotherapy in COPD but can be helpfully com- et al. Chest 1987; 91:49-51, Schroeckenstein et al. J Al- bined with an inhaled bronchodilator (Calverley et al. Eur lergy Clin Immunol 1988; 82:115-9, Gilman et al. Chest Respir J 2003b; 22:912-9, Calverley Semin Respir Crit 1990; 98:1095-8, Cydulka and Emerman, Ann Emerg Care Med 2005; 26:235-45). They have, however, been Med 1995; 25:470-3, Hansel et al. Chest 2005; 128: shown to decrease the frequency of exacerbations and 1974-9). As asthma and COPD are characterized by in- improve quality of life in patients with COPD (Calverley creased mucus secretions, the antisecretory effect of an- Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 26235-45).
ticholinergics such glycopyrrolate is an additional advan- The administration of inhaled glucocorticoids or tage for their use in the therapy of these diseases.
anticholinergics (e.g. ipratropium) reduced the risk of A cornerstone in the management of asthma hospitalization of COPD patients (Rascati et al. Clin Ther and COPD is the control of airway inflammation.
2005; 27:346-54). The combination of long-acting mus- Inhaled glucocorticoids (GCs) are the most
carinic antagonists and inhaled glucocorticoids is more effective long-term therapy in controlling chronic asthma efficacious in asthma and COPD than either alone. In- symptoms (Barnes Ernst Sobering Res Found Work- deed, there is evidence that corticosteroid/muscarinic shop. 2002; 40:1-23). Randomized, controlled clinical antagonist combination therapy has complementary, ad- studies confirm the efficacy of early intervention with in- ditive, or synergistic inhibitory effects on proinflammatory haled glucocorticoids in patients with mild persistent signalling pathways, inflammatory mediator release, and asthma (Sheffer et al. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005; recruitment and survival of inflammatory cells. In the pa- 94:48-54). Inhaled glucocorticoids suppress eosinophilic tient with an airway inflammatory disease such as asthma inflammation in the airways and are a corner-stone in or COPD, this is reflected in enhanced anti-inflammatory asthma treatment (van Rensen et al. Thorax 1999;54: activity with combination therapy beyond that which can 403-8, Barnes Ernst Schering Res Found Workshop.
be achieved by either drug alone, or the potential for an- 2002; 40:1-23). However, patients show a variable re- timuscarinic drugs to provide a steroid-sparing effect.
sponse to inhaled glucocorticoids and some exhibit glu- Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (adenosine 3’,5’-cyclic monophosphate, [cAMP]) is known as a sec- In COPD the airway inflammation is quite dif- ond messenger that mediates cellular responses to sev- ferent from asthma, so inflammation and anti-inflamma- eral compounds e.g. hormones, mediators, etc. Phos-
tory treatment in COPD is relatively a new focus of inter- phodiesterases (PDEs) are a family of enzymes that
est. In contrast to asthma, the practice of using inhaled metabolize 3’,5’ cyclic nucleotides to 5’ nucleoside mono- glucocorticoids in COPD is common but controversial phosphates, thereby terminating cAMP and cGMP sec- (Crapo et al. Eur Respir J Suppl 2003; 41:19s-28s, O’Ri- ond messenger activity. A particular PDE, PDE4, which ordan, J Aerosol Med 2003; 16:1-8). It is likely that inhaled is a high affinity, cAMP specific, type 4 PDE, has gener- GCs have little effect on the progression of COPD (Vonk ated interest as potential targets for the development of et al. Thorax 2003; 58,322-327), glucocorticoids are novel anti-inflammatory compounds. In fact, PDE4 reg- probably scarcely effective in COPD patients without ulate intracellular levels of cAMP and are the predomi- overlapping concomitant asthma. The use of inhaled glu- nant PDE expressed in inflammatory cells. Inhibitors of cocorticoids in patients with moderately severe disease PDE4 act by increasing intracellular concentrations of (FEV1 < 50% predicted) may produce clinical benefit as cyclic AMP, which has a broad range of anti-inflammatory measured by an increase in FEV1, reduced symptoms effects on various key effector cells involved in asthma and fewer exacerbations (O’Riordan, J Aerosol Med and COPD (Barnette et al. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998; 2003; 16:1-8). However, there is also clinical evidence 284:420-6, Hatzelmann and Schudt, J Pharmacol Exp that the neutrophil inflammation may be decreased by Ther 2001; 297:267-79, Marx et al. Pulm Pharmacol Ther inhaled glucocorticoids in clinically stable COPD patients 2002; 15:7-15, Kuss et al. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; (Yildiz et al. Respiration 2000; 67:71-6). Consequently, 307:373-85). They show a broad spectrum of activity in in a recently published guideline on COPD treatment, animal models of asthma COPD (Howell et al. 1995, adding on inhaled glucocorticoid is recommended in Bundschuh et al. 2002, Billah et al. 2002, Kuss et al. J moderate to severe disease (Pauwels et al. Am J Respir Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 307:373-85). In addition, ac- Crit Care Med 2001; 163:1256-76). glucocorticoids tivation of the cAMP signalling pathway in airway smooth should mainly be used to reduce exacerbations and im- muscle cells promotes relaxation and blocks smooth EP 1 971 369 B1
muscle cell replication (Tomlinson et al. Biochem Phar- of drugs, among which can be mentioned for example macol 1995; 49: 1809-19), thus preventing the airway triamcinolone, beclomethasone; mometasone, flutica- remodelling observed in the chronic stage of the diseas- sone, budesonide, etc., elicits remarkable pharmacody- es. Studies on cilomilast, roflumilast and other PDE4 in- namics effects on the respiratory tract. Additionally, they hibitors in asthma and COPD have shown a broad range also elicit undesired effects on different organs, and for of anti-inflammatory activity, and the available evidence this reason both their clinical use and its interruption on clinical outcomes (Compton et al. Lancet 2001; 358: cause a series of side effects, some of which very serious.
265-7, Dyke and Montana, Expert Opin Investig Drugs Among said toxic effects can be mentioned 2002; 11:1-13, Grootendorst et al. Pulm Pharmacol Ther those affecting the bone tissue leading to an altered cel- 2003; 16:341-7, Spina Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy lular metabolism and a high osteoporosis incidence. Sev- 2004; 3:231-6, Lipworth Lancet 2005; 365:167-75, eral studies showed that inhaled glucocorticoids cause Bäumer et al. Exp Rev 2005; 1:134-45, Rabe et al. Lancet a reduction in bone mineral density leading to an increase 2005; 366:563-71). Efforts to minimize or eliminate the in fractures in people taking an inhaled glucocorticoid above-mentioned adverse events sometimes associated compared with controls (Ip et al. Chest 1994; 1051722-7, with PDE4 inhibitors have included creating inhibitors Mortimer et al. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005; 94: which do not penetrate the central nervous system, and 15-21). Strategies are needed to reduce the systemic administering PDE4 inhibitors by inhalation rather than effects of inhaled glucocorticoids. Inhibition of PDE4 ac- orally. It is likely that these class-associated side effects, tivity is believed effective for the treatment of osteoporo- mainly nausea and emesis, could be at least partially sis by reducing bone loss. There is evidence that the overcome by the so-called "second-generation" PDE4 PDE4 isoenzyme may play an important role in bone turn- inhibitors that can be applied by inhalation.
over through cAMP and that its inhibitors are candidates Inhibition of PDE4 results in an elevation of for therapeutic drugs for the bone loss diseases (Miya- cAMP in the inflammatory cells, which in tum downreg- moto et al. Biochem Pharmacol 1997; 54:613-7). Indeed, ulates the inflammatory response. For example, rol- rolipram can enhance physiological bone formation and ipram, a PDE4 inhibitor, reduced the clinical and histo- thereby increase bone mass in mice (Kinoshita et al.
logical severity of collagen-induced arthritis in rats (Ny- Bone 2000; 27:811-7). PDE4 inhibitors are apparently man U, Mussener A, Larsson E, Lorentzen J, KJareskog able to counteract the bone-demineralising effect of glu- L: Amelioration of collage II-induced arthritis in rats by cocorticoids. Therefore, it would be desirable to provide the type IV phosphodiesterase inhibitor rolipram.). It has novel compositions that contain besides glucocorticoids also been demonstrated that selective PDE4 inhibition suppresses the clinical manifestations of EAE (Sommer Current treatments for asthma and COPD are N, Martin R, McFarland HF, Quigley L, Cannella B, Raine not satisfactory. Given the high prevalence of these dis- CS, Scott DE, Loschmann PA, Racke MK. Therapeutic eases, improved, more effective and more convenient potential of phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibition in chronic therapeutic interventions are highly desirable.
autoimmune demyelinating disease. J Neuroimmunol Therefore the problem underlying the invention 1997;79:54-61). PDE4 inhibitors might also have thera- was to present a pharmaceutical, which is improved for peutic benefit both in IBD (Banner KH, Trevethick MA.
the treatment of inflammatory diseases especially respi- PDE4 inhibition; a novel approach for the treatment of ratory diseases as asthma or COPD, but also for rheu- inflammatory bowel disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2004;25:430-6), and in psoriasis (Houslay MD, Schafer This problem is solved by a combination of the P, Zhang KY. Keynote review: phosphodiesterase-4 as anticholinergic R,R-glycopyrrolate, the PDE4 inhibitor a therapeutic target. Drug Discov Today 2005;10: rolipram and the glucocorticoid budesonide, which show higher efficiency and reduced side effects compared to One of the possible side effects induced by the single substances or double combinations which PDE4 inhibitors may be a certain sedation, decrease in could not be expected from prior art.
locomotor activity. In animal experiments, it has convinc- The combination may be administered as fixed ingly been demonstrated that rolipram, a specific PDE4 of free combinations, which may be administered simul- inhibitor induces sedative effects such as hypoactivity, decreased locomotion that were completely reversed by The combination may be administered orally, adding scopolamine, an anticholinergic compound (Sil- topically, preferably inhalative. In free combination the vestre et al. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1999; 64:1-5).
single active substances may be presented in the same Consequently, an antimuscarinic agents may compen- or different administration forms, chosen from the possi- sate the possible sedation induced by a PDE4 inhibitor bilities of oral, topical, and inhalative application.
and thus improve the therapeutic value of the combina- It is well known that inhaled glucocorticoids rep- resent a first choice pharmacological intervention in the The influence of monocompounds and its com- therapy of inflammatory respiratory diseases. This class bination, also in three-in-one on TNF secretion was in- EP 1 971 369 B1
vestigated by using human monocytes. The study was The PDE4 inhibitor rolipram dose dependently approved by our institutional Ethics Committee according inhibited the TNFα release. Maximum inhibition was to the International Declarations of Helsinki and Tokyo.
around 70%. Consequently, instead of IC50, the IC35-val- Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) ue was determined. The IC35 for rolipram amounted to were isolated from heparinized blood samples of healthy donors by density gradient centrifugation. An equal vol- The corticosteroid budesonide also inhibited ume of Hanks buffer (Invitrogen, Heidelberg, Germany) the TNFα release in a dose-dependent manner. The IC50 was added to heparinized whole blood samples. 15ml Histopaque-1077 (Sigma, Deisenhofen, Germany) were overlayed with a maximum of 40ml of blood/Hanks mix- substances , in a first experiment the effect of the PDE4 ture and were centrifuged for 30 min at room temperature inhibitor rolipram (10 nM) and the corticosteroid budes- (2000 rpm). A visible band containing PBMCs was trans- onide (0.1 nM) alone and in combination, and in combi- ferred to a fresh tube and washed twice with Hanks-buff- nation with R,R-glycopyrrolate (10 PM) on the LPS-in- er. Finally cells are seeded in RPMI 1640 Medium (Life duced TNFα release from human PBMCs was investi- Technologies, Heidelberg, Germany) with Glutamax I gated. The concentrations chosen for rolipram and (Gibco BRL, Eggenstein) and 10% FCS (Boehringer budesonide were considerably below their IC35 and IC50, Mannheim, Penzberg, Germany). After isolated, PBMCs respectively. The results are summarized in Fig. 1.
were seeded in RPMI 1640 medium (Invitrogen, Heidel- ThePDE4 inhibitor rolipram dose dependently berg, Germnay) with Glutamax I (Invitrogen, Heidelberg, inhibited the TNFα release. Maximum inhibition was Germany). PBMCs were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium around 70%. Consequently, instead of IC50, the IC35-val- at 37 °C 5% CO2 overnight. Monocytes were isolated ue was determined. The IC35 for rolipram amounted to from other cells by adherence method, non-adherent cells were removed by changing the medium.
The corticosteroid budesonide also inhibited Cells were re-suspended at 106 cells/ml and the TNFα release in a dose-dependent manner. The IC50 incubated in 500Pl volumes in 24-well tissue culture plates (Falcon Becton Dickinson Labware, Heidelberg, Based on the results from the single substanc- Germany) at 37°C, 5%CO2. After pre-incubation with test es, the effect of the PDE4 inhibitor rolipram (10 nM) and substances (0.5 Pl / 500Pl medium) for 30min, cells were the corticosteroid budesonide (0.1 nM) alone and in com- stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (Sigma, De- bination, and in combination with R,R-glycopyrrolate (10 isenhofen, Germany) (1 Pg/ml). After 24 h of incubation, PM) on the LPS-induced TNFα release from human PB- cells were sedimented by centrifugation. The superna- MCs was investigated. The concentrations chosen for tants were harvested and kept frozen at -80°C until pro- rolipram and budesonide were considerably below their IC35 and IC50, respectively. The results are summarized Cytokine measurements in culture superna- tants were done by sandwich ELISA using matched an- As can be seen from Fig. 1, each drug alone tibody pairs (BD Pharmingen, Heidelberg, Germany).
hardly affected LPS-induced TNFα release. At the inten- ELISA plates (Maxisorb, Nunc, Wiesbaden, Germany) tionally low concentrations, each double combination were coated overnight with anti-cytokine monoclonal an- caused only a minor inhibition of TNFα secretion from tibody (mAb) in 0.1 M carbonate buffer, pH 9.5. After PBMCs. In contrast, the three-in-one combination being washed, plates were blocked with Assay Diluent (budesonide, rolipram and R,R-glycopyrrolate) resulted (BD Pharmingen, Heidelberg, Germany) for 1h and in statistically significant over-additive inhibition of the washed again. Appropriately diluted supernatant sam- ples and standards were distributed in duplicates and the The medications can be administered in differ- plates were incubated for 2h at room temperature. Plates ent ways, such as metered-dosage inhalers (MDls), in were washed, incubated for 1h with working detector (bi- dry powder inhalers (DPls), and in another liquid formu- otinylated anti-cytokine antibody and Avidin-horseradish lation suitable for inhalation. They can also be adminis- peroxidase conjugate) (BD Pharmingen, Heidelberg, tered together in a single dosage form. Or they may be Germany). After washing, substrate (TMB and hydrogen administered in different dosage forms. They may be ad- peroxide) was added. The reaction was stopped by add- ministered at the same time. Or they may be administered ing of 1 M H3PO4- Plates were read at 450nm (reference either close in time or remotely, such as where one is 570nm) in a microplate reader (Dynatech, Alexandria, administered in the morning and the second is adminis- USA). The results were expressed as a percentage of tered in the evening. The combination may be used pro- the control level of cytokines production by cells stimu- phylactically or after the onset of symptoms has occurred.
lated in the absence of the compound.
In some instances the combination(s) may be used to Upon LPS-stimulation, basal TNFα release prevent the progression of a pulmonary disease or to from monocytes increased from 328 pg/ml up to 7,258 arrest the decline of a function such as lung function.
pg/ml. R,R-glycopyrrolate alone did not influence the These drugs are usually administered as an LPS-induced TNFα release up to 10 Pmol/l.
aerosol, or as an inhaled powder. This invention contem- EP 1 971 369 B1
plates either co-administering all drugs in one delivery substance optionally together with a finely divided phar- form such as an inhaler that is putting all drugs in the maceutically acceptable carrier, which is preferably present and may be chosen from materials known as As inhalable compositions pressurized me- carriers in dry powder inhalation compositions, for exam- tered dose inhalers, dry powders or inhalation solutions ple saccharides, including monosaccharides, disaccha- without propellant can be considered. Among the latter rides, polysaccharides and sugar alcohols such as ara- are even sterile, ready for use or just before use manu- binose, fructose, ribose, mannose, sucrose, trehalose, factured inhalation solutions, suspensions or concen- lactose, starches, dextran or mannitol. An especially pre- trates as a nebulizable composition in an aqueous and/ ferred carrier is lactose. The dry powder may be in cap- or organic medium. These dosage forms are part of the sules of gelatin or plastic, or in blisters, for in a dry powder inhalation device. Alternatively, the dry powder may be Pressurized metered dose inhalers with propel- contained as a reservoir in a dose dry powder inhalation lants may contain the active substances in solution or in dispersion in a propellant. The propellants which can be The inhalation powders according to this inven- used for inhalation aerosols in this invention are well tion can be administered by the help of state of the art known: mainly halogenated hydrocarbon derivatives, dry powder inhalation devices for instance the Novoliz- TG134a and TG227, or their mixtures are applied. Fur- er®. The inhalation powder can be pre-metered in cap- thermore detergents (eg. oleic acid), stabilizers (eg. so- sules (eg. gelatine) or blisters (aluminium pouches) or dium edetate), co-solvents (eg. propyleneglycol, polyeth- metered just before use from a bulk reservoir. The active yleneglycol, glycerol), antioxidants (eg. ascorbic acid), substances of the inventive combination can be there in lubricants (eg. polyoxyethylene-glyceryl-trioleate) or a fixed combination or both actives are in separate pack- buffer systems or other excipients for pH adjustment (eg.
aging units, that they can be administered independent hydrochloric acid) are normally added. The active ingre- of each other from one device or a pack from two or more dient may have an average particle diameter of up to 5 different devices or simultaneously.
In the finely divided particulate form of the med- A combination of ethyl alcohol and poly-oxyeth- icament, and in the aerosol composition where the active ylene-25-glyceryl-trioleate (trade name: Tagat TO) can ingredient is present in particulate form, the active ingre- be suitable used as a detergent/stabilizer/co-solvent/lu- dient may have an average particle diameter of up to 4 bricant complex in a concentration between 0.5 and 1.5 Pm. The finely divided carrier, where present, generally has a maximum diameter up to approximately 500 Pm The above mentioned aerosols containing a and conveniently has a mean particle diameter of 10 to propellant, solutions or suspensions according to the in- 350 Pm, preferably approx. 110 to 290 Pm. The particle vention are administered by state of the art inhalers, so- size of the active ingredient, and that of the carrier where called pressurized metered dose inhalers (=pMDI). They present in dry powder compositions, can be reduced to can be equipped with different-sized metal or plastic the desired level by conventional methods, for example stems, responsible for metering and release of the ac- by grinding in an air-jet mill, ball mill or vibrator mill, mi- croprecipitation, spray-drying, lyophilisation or recrystal- Administration of the medicament or pharma- ceutical composition is preferably by inhalation. The in- The active ingredients may be given from 1 to halable form of the medicament may be, for example, an 8 times a day, sufficient to exhibit the desired activity.
atomizable composition such as an aerosol comprising Preferably, the active components are given about once the active ingredients, separately or in admixture, in so- or four times a day, more preferably once or twice a day.
lution or dispersion in a propellant, or a nebulizable com- The inhaled anticholinergic drug, R,R-glycop- position comprising a dispersion of the active ingredient yrrolate can be administered in an amount of between 5 in an aqueous/organic or medium. For example, the in- and 500 Pg/day adult human with the preference of 15 halable form of the medicament may be an aerosol com- prising a mixture of any composition according to the The PDE4 inhibitor rolipram can be adminis- invention in solution or dispersion in a propellant, or a tered in an amount between 10 and 5000 Pg/day adult combination of an aerosol containing each single active human with the preference of 50 to 2000 Pg/day in de- substance in solution or dispersion in a propellant. In an- pendence of the intensity of the airway inflammation.
other example, the inhalable form is a nebulized compo- The glucocorticoid budesonide can be admin- sition comprising a dispersion of the substances accord- istered in an amount of between 50 and 2000 Pg/day ing to the inventive combination in an aqueous or organic adult human with the preference of 100 to 1000 mg/day medium, or a combination of dispersions of each sub- in dependence of the intensity of the airway inflammation.
The active ingredients in all above aerosol for- In another embodiment of the invention, the in- mulations are preferably in the concentration of 0.01 wt% halable form is a dry powder, i.e. the substances are present in a dry powder comprising finely divided each The anticholinergic drug, R,R-glycopyrrolate EP 1 971 369 B1
can be administered in an amount between 1 and 199 ment of inflammatory diseases selected form the mg/day for adult patients with the preference of 5 to 50 group comprising respiratory diseases, rheumatism 10. Use according to claim 9, characterized in that the
It is contemplated that all active agents would respiratory disease is asthma or COPD.
be administered at the same time, or very close in time.
Alternatively, one drug could be taken in the morning and 11. Use according to claim 9, characterized in that the
others later in the day. Or in another scenario, one drug auto-immune disease is rheumatoid arthritis, could be taken twice daily and the others once daily, ei- glomerulonephritis, multiple sclerosis, Crohn’s dis- ther at the same time as one of the twice-a-day dosing ease, ulcerative colitis, systemic lupus erythemato- occurred, or separately. Preferably all drugs would be Patentansprüche
Kombination von R,R-Glykopyrrolat, Rolipram und Combination of R,R-glycopyrrolate, rolipram and Budesonid oder ihren physiologisch unbedenklichen budesonide or their physiologically acceptable salts Salzen zur Verwendung bei der Behandlung von ent- for use in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
Combination according to claim 1, characterized in
Kombination nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekenn-
that the inflammatory disease is a respiratory dis-
zeichnet, daß es sich bei der entzündlichen Erkran-
ease, rheumatism or an auto-immune disease.
kung um eine Atemwegserkrankung, Rheumatis- mus oder eine Autoimmunkrankheit handelt.
Combination according to claim 2, characterized in
that the respiratory disease is asthma or COPD.
Kombination nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekenn-
zeichnet, daß es sich bei der Atemwegserkrankung
Combination according to claim 2, characterized in
that the auto-immune disease is rheumatoid arthri-
tis, glomerulonephritis, multiple sclerosis, Crohn’s
Kombination nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekenn-
disease, ulcerative colitis, systemic lupus erythema- zeichnet, daß es sich bei der Autoimmunkrankheit
um rheumatoide Arthritis, Glomerulonephritis, mul-tiple Sklerose, Morbus Crohn, Colitis ulcerosa, sy- Pharmaceutical for use in the treatment of inflamma- stemischen Lupus erythematodes oder Psoriasis tory diseases containing R,R-glycopyrrolate, rol- ipram and budesonide or their physiologically ac-ceptable salts Pharmazeutikum zur Verwendung bei der Behand-lung von entzündlichen Erkrankungen, enthaltend R, Pharmaceutical according to claim 5, characterized
R-Glykopyrrolat, Rolipram und Budesonid oder ihre in that it is an inhalable dry powder, an inhalable
aerosol with or without propellant, or an inhalablesuspension or solution.
Pharmazeutikum nach Anspruch 5, dadurch ge-
kennzeichnet, daß es sich um ein inhalierbares
Pharmaceutical according to claim 6, presented in Trockenpulver, ein inhalierbares Aerosol mit oder ohne Treibmittel oder eine inhalierbare Suspensionoder Lösung handelt.
Pharmaceutical according to any one of claims 5 to
7, characterized in that the active substances are
Pharmazeutikum nach Anspruch 6, das in einem In- presented in fixed or free combination for simultane- ous, sequential or separate administration togetherwith the usual excipients, adjuncts, and additives in Pharmazeutikum nach einem der Ansprüche 5 bis a pharmaceutical form suitable for inhalative appli- 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Wirkstoffe in
fester oder freier Kombination für die gleichzeitige, aufeinanderfolgende oder getrennte Verabreichung Use of a combination of R,R-glycopyrrolate, rolipram zusammen mit herkömmlichen Exzipienten, Adju- and budesonide or their physiologically acceptable vantien und Zusatzstoffen in einer für die inhalative salts for the production of a medicament for the treat- Anwendung geeigneten pharmazeutischen Form EP 1 971 369 B1
Produit pharmaceutique selon l’une quelconque des
revendications 5 à 7, caractérisé en ce que les
Verwendung einer Kombination von R,R-Glykopyr- substances actives sont présentées dans une com- rolat, Rolipram und Budesonid oder ihren physiolo- binaison fixe ou libre pour une administration simul- gisch unbedenklichen Salzen zur Herstellung eines tanée, séquentielle ou séparée conjointement avec Medikaments zur Behandlung von entzündlichen Er- les excipients, les adjuvants et les additifs habituels krankungen, ausgewählt aus der Atemwegserkran- sous une forme pharmaceutique appropriée pour kungen, Rheumatismus oder Autoimmunkrankhei- Utilisation d’une combinaison de R,R-glycopyrrola- 10. Verwendung nach Anspruch 9, dadurch gekenn-
te, de rolipram et de budésonide ou de leurs sels zeichnet, daß es sich bei der Atemwegserkrankung
physiologiquement acceptables pour la production d’un médicament pour le traitement de maladies in-flammatoires choisies parmi le groupe constitué de 11. Verwendung nach Anspruch 9, dadurch gekenn-
maladies respiratoires, de rhumatismes ou de ma- zeichnet, daß es sich bei der Autoimmunkrankheit
um rheumatoide Arthritis, Glomerulonephritis, mul-tiple Sklerose, Morbus Crohn, Colitis ulcerosa, sy- 10. Utilisation selon la revendication 9, caractérisée en
stemischen Lupus erythematodes oder Psoriasis ce que la maladie respiratoire est l’asthme ou la
11. Utilisation selon la revendication 9, caractérisée en
Revendications
ce que la maladie auto-immune est la polyarthrite
rhumatoïde, la sclérose en plaques, la maladie de
Combinaison de R,R-glycopyrrolate, de rolipram et Crohn, la colite ulcéreuse, le lupus érythémateux dis- de budésonide ou de leurs sels physiologiquement acceptables pour utilisation dans le traitement demaladies inflammatoires.
Combinaison selon la revendication 1, caractérisée
en ce que la maladie inflammatoire est une maladie
respiratoire, un rhumatisme ou une maladie auto-
immune.
Combinaison selon la revendication 2, caractérisée
en ce que la maladie respiratoire est l’asthme ou la
MPOC.
Combinaison selon la revendication 2, caractérisée
en ce que la maladie auto-immune est la polyarthrite
rhumatoïde, la sclérose en plaques, la maladie de
Crohn, la colite ulcéreuse, le lupus érythémateux dis-
séminé ou le psoriasis.
Produit pharmaceutique pour utilisation dans le trai-tement de maladies inflammatoires, qui contient duR,R-glycopyrrolate, du rolipram et du budésonide ouleurs sels physiologiquement acceptables.
Produit pharmaceutique selon la revendication 5,
caractérisé en ce qu’il s’agit d’une poudre sèche
inhalable, d’un aérosol inhalable avec ou sans pro-
pulseur, ou une suspension ou une solution inhala-
ble.
Produit pharmaceutique selon la revendication 6,présenté sous la forme d’un inhalateur.
EP 1 971 369 B1
EP 1 971 369 B1
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