Bioscience Research, Bioscience Research, 8(1): 08-14, 2011 Research Article
Available online at www.isisn.org ISISnet Publishers Print ISSN: 1811-9506 Antilipidemic activity of Coriandrum Sativum S. Kousar*, N. Jahan, Khalil-ur-Rehman and S. Nosheen Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan. *Corresponding author
Myocardial infraction is a most common cause of death all over the world. The high level of blood cholesterol is a big risk for heart diseases. The basic purpose of this research work was to determine the antilipidemic activity of fresh leaves of coriandrum sativum against salbutamol induced cardiac injury in rabbits. Salbutamol administered rabbits (50mg/kg) showed elevated level of serum lipids (LDL-Cholesterol, Triglyceride) and decreased level of HDL-Cholesterol and antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT). Both the pre- and post treatment of plant extract (100mg/kg) for three weeks exert a significant antilipidemic effect against salbutamol-induced myocardial infraction by lowering the level of serum LDL-Cholesterol, Triglycerides and Peroxidase and increasing the level of HDL-Cholesterol and antioxidant enzymes. The results showed that coriandrum sativum possess antilipidemic activity. Key words: Coriandrum Sativum, Coriander, Medicinal plants, Antilipidemic activity.
A large number of synthetic hypolipidemic
technology has given too much comforts to
drugs are available in market. Long term use
mankind, but at the same time, it has suffered
of these drugs cause serious side effects, and
mankind into different diseases. Almighty
these are costly. Plant contains a large
Allah is the supreme curer Who furnished
number of bioactive phytochemicals that are
remedies for all maladies. The plants that are
responsible for pharmacological action of
used for the treatment of different diseases
plants and used for development of drugs.
are called “Medicinal plants” (Joshi 2000).
A medicinal plant is any plant which, in
antilipidemic effect and proved their efficacy in
one or more of its organ, contains substance
cardiovascular diseases (Jain et al., 2007,
that can be used for therapeutic purpose or
which is a precursor for synthesis of useful
Coriandrum sativum (Coriander) is an
drugs.Myocardial infarction is a major public
umbelliferous annual plant of the parsley
health problem which is the cause of high
family, native to the eastern Mediterranean
death rate (Sivakumar et al., 2007). The risk
region and southern Europe and is found in
factors for cardiovascular heart disease and
many other parts of the world. It is valued for
Myocardial Infarction are on the rise in
the dry ripe fruits, called coriander seeds and
also the fresh green leaves called cilantro.
In developing countries, the occurance of
The genus Coriandrum includes the cultivated
heart diseases increases rapidly (Jain et al.,
plant C. sativum and the wild species C.
2007).High level of blood cholesterol is
responsible for circulatory system disorder.
Increase level of low density lipoprotein (LDL)
thousands of years (Mathias 1994). Ancient
is alarming for cardiovascular diseases, and
Egyptians reported the first medicinal uses of
their risk is increased many times (Grundy et
Coriander. As a medicinal plant, coriander has
been used as carminative, diuretic, stimulant,
stomachic and analgestic (Chaudhry & Tariq,
2006) anti-inflammatory (Chithra and Then inderoll 100mg/kg was given for 5-7 Leelamma, 1997) and hypoglycemic (Waheed
days after 24 hours. Blood sample was taken
et al., 2006). The extracts and essential oil of
daily. After experimental period rabbits were
hypnotic activity (Emamghoreishi and Heidari-
G4: Base line group: Plant extract
Coriander leaves showed stronger (100mg/kg) was given to rabbits for 3 weeks.
antioxidant activity. Being as a source of
At the end of experimental procedure blood
natural antioxidant coriander can reduce the
cardiac diseases. The aim of this research
work is to determine the Antilipidemic activity
G5: Curative group: Salbutamol was given
for two days to induce myocardial injury. Then
plant extract 100mg/kg was given for 5-7 days after 24 hours. Blood sample was taken daily
MATERIALS AND METHODS
to check curative effect. After experimental
Plant Material: Coriandrum sativum (Fresh Phytochemical analysis: Qualitative and G6: Preventive group: In this plant extract
100 mg/kg was given to rabbits once a day at
Coriandrum sativum was perform for the
fixed time by oral gavage for 3 weeks at the
estimation of Alkaloids, Saponins, Steroids
and Tannins by using standard methods of
Adam (1970), Harbone (1973) and Brain and
myocardial injury for two consecutive days.
After 48 hours blood samples were taken to
illustrate preventive effect of Coriandrum Extract Preparation: 150 gm of fresh leaves sativum. Heart beats of rabbits were also
of Coriandrum sativum was weighted. Then
checked during this experimental period.
grinded leaves were macerated in solvent
methanol for three days. Then filtered the
Collection of blood samples: Blood sample
solution and solvent was evaporated. Then
experimental period. The blood sample were
collected in glass centrifuge tubes, then
Materials and Chemicals: Salbutamol,
centrifuged it and serum were separated and
stored in deep freezer till further biochemical
Centrifuge tubes, Ephendroff tubes, Kits of
Gross pathological studies: Immediately
after the sacrifice of animals, there different
Animals: Eighteen rabbits weighing about
body parts were removed and analyzed under
1.00 to 1.25Kg were used as experimental
Biochemical Assay
temperature with free access to food and
The activity of lipidemic enzymes like LDL,
water, and on standard conditions. Animals
HDL Triglycerides in serum was determined
Experimental Protocol Tissue homogenate preparation: Rabbits G1:Normal control group: Standard diet
were sacrificed at the end of experimental
was provided to the normal control group.
period. Hearts of the all rabbits were minced
G2: Salbutamol Treated group: Salbutamol
phosphate buffer of pH 7.4.Homogenate was
50 mg/kg was given for two days. After two
mixed, centrifuged and supernant was used
for estimation of catalase and peroxidase and
G3: Inderoll treated group: Salbutamol was
given for two days to induce myocardial injury.
Quantitative estimation of Catalase :
Catalase level in the sample was estimated by
giving salbutamol, inderoll was injected which
following methods as described by Aebi and
is the standard drug that decreased LDL level,
the LDL-Cholesterol level come closer to the
normal LDL level in rabbit i.e. (16mg/dl). The
Quantitative estimation of Peroxidase:
LDL level (16mg/dl) in base line group to
Peroxidase (POD) activity is measured by
which only plant dose was given showed that
using the method of Paglia and Valentine,
Coriandrum sativum not increased LDL-
salbutamol significantly (p<0.05) increased
Quantitative estimation of Superoxide
the level of LDL-Cholesterol. Then five post
dismutase (SOD): SOD activity was assayed
by using spectrophotometer NBT method as
significantly decreased (19mg/dl) the elevated
described by Kakkar et al., (1984).
Statistical analysis HDL-Cholesterol: There was a significant
All numerical data in text and figures showed
(p<0.05) increase noted in the level of HDL-
as the ± SD (standard deviation), means,
Cholesterol in the serum of Curative group
standard error, and significant ANOVA were
(15.0mg/dl) as compared to the Salbutamol
decreased to (13.0mg/dl). The level of HDL-
Cholesterol in inderoll group increased
significantly (p<0.05) (15.33mg/dl). The level
determine the Antilipidemic activity of fresh
of HDL-Cholesterol (13mg/dl) in base line
leaves of coriandrum sativum against
group showed that Coriandrum sativum itself has no effect on the HDL-Cholesterol level.
salbutamol induced cardiac injury in rabbits.
The level of HDL-Cholesterol in normal control
Phytochemical analysis Triglycerides:
induction of salbutamolsignificantly (p<0.05)
The plant contains metabolities which are
increased the triglyceride level (199.67mg/dl)
grouped as Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Steroids,
Saponins, Glycosides, Tannins and normal group (110mg/dl). In inderoll group the
triglyceride level come closer to control
triglyceride (110mg/dl) in base line group was
close to control normal group (110mg/dl)
while Flavonoids were 5%, Glycosides were
showed that plant had no effect on triglyceride
16%, Alkaloid were 0.20 %, Steroids were
in serum of rabbit. In curative group the level
11.13% while Tannins were 3.4% Coriandrum
of triglycerides comes closer to the control
normal group (128mg/dl) after giving plant
Biochemical Assay Curative effect: To determine the curative
effect of plant salbutamol was given for two
Preventive effect: After three weeks of oral
days to induce myocardial injury. Then plant
administration of plant dose, Salbutamol was
extract (100mg/kg) was given for five days
given to induce myocardial injury for two
after 24 hours. Blood sample was taken daily
samples were taken to illustrate preventive
effect of Coriandrum sativum. The results
LDL-Cholesterol: The results showed that
induction of salbutamol significantly (p<0.05)
lowered the LDL-Cholesterol level (20mg/dl)
raised the LDL-Cholesterol level (32mg/dl)
and Triglyceride level (130mg/dl) compared to
(16mg/dl). The inderoll group to which after
Cholesterol level and Triglyceride level
Table 1: Qualitative and Quantitative analysis of phytoconstituents of Coriandrum sativum Constituents Inference Table 2: Curative effect of Coriander on Level of LDL-cholesterol in Serum of different experimental groups Days Control Group Salbutamol Inderoll Group Base line Curative Group
2 16.33±0.577 29.0±1.00 16.667±0.577 16.0±1.0
Table 3: Curative effect of Coriander on Level of HDL-cholesterol in Serum of different experimental groups Days Control Group Salbutamol Inderoll Group Base line Curative Group
2 15.0±1.0 14.8±1.528 13.50±1.0 15.3±0.577 13.13.67±1.0 3
Table 4: Curative effect of Coriander on Level of Triglyceride in Serum of different experimental groups Days Control Salbutamol Inderoll Group Base line Curative
increased significantly (p<0.05) to (29.3mg/dl)
and (166 mg/dl) respectively. Whereas in
significantly (p<0.05) decreased as compared
to control normal group (0.428 units/mg of
significant (p<0.05) increase noted in the level
protein). In both curative and preventive group
of HDL-Cholesterol (26mg/dl ) in Preventive
the catalase level decreased (0.271 units/mg
group as compared to the group to which only
of protein), (0.277 units/mg of protein) when
Salbutamol was given (23mg/dl ) that show
compared to salbutamoltreated group (0.332
that Coriandrum sativum increased HDL-
units/mg of protein). In Base line group the
Cholesterol level in serum of rabbit. (Table: 5).
catalase level (0.450 units/mg of protein)
close to control normal group (0.428units/mg
Antioxidant Enzyme Assay
Natural antioxidant enzymes manufactured in
Peroxidase (POD): Induction of salbutamol
against free radicals. Glutathione peroxidase,
for two days significantly (p<0.05) increased
glutathione reductase, catalase, thioredoxin
the POD level (0.080 units/ mg of protein) as
oxygenase and biliverdin reductase, are the
units/ mg of protein). Both pre- and post-
treatment of Coriandrum sativum showed a
significantl (p<0.05) decrease in the
Catalase: In Salbutamol group the level of
peroxidase level (0.0650 units/ mg of protein),
Table 5: Preventive antilipidemic effect of Coriander on different experimental groups Enzymes Control Salbutamol Inderoll Group Base line Curative Preventive Triglycerides
Table 6: Effect of coriander on antioxidant enzyme (Catalase) on different experimental groups Time/Min. Control Salbutamol Inderoll Group Base line Curative Preventive
(0.0523 units/ mg of protein) when compared
increased oxidative stress by catechol amines
to salbutamoltreated group (0.080 units/ mg
(salbutamol). Oxidative stress causes damage
of protein). Base line group showed POD level
to myocardial membrane and lipids leak from
(0.0047 units/ mg of protein) closer to control
normal group (0.0040 units/ mg of protein)
Fravin et al., (2004), whereas HDL cholesterol
levels were significantly lower compared to
control normal group animals which might be
Superoxide dismutase (SOD): The results
due to the increased mobilization of LDL-
showed that the induction of salbutamol for
cholesterol from the blood into the myocardial
two days significantly (p<0.05) decreased the
membranes, resulting in abnormal cholesterol
% inhibition of SOD (19 %) as compared to
deposition in the myocardium. These findings
control normal group (50 %). Pretreatment of
are in accordance with an earlier reported
plant showed significantly (p<0.05) higher (42
%) when compared to inderoll group (53 %) and salbutamol treated group. Post treatment
In present study, the, curative group of
rabbits indicated that Coriandrum sativum
salbutamoltreated group (19 %). The Base
line group showed significantly (p<0.05)
Triglycerides and increased HDL-Cholesterol
level in serum of rabbit that was the indication
salbutamol treated group (19 %) (Table: 8).
of lowering cardiac disease by Coriandrum sativum. These results were confirmed by the
Gross Pathological Analysis
results of Narayan (2005) who investigated
effects of psyllium on cardiovascular disease.
group, the weight of its heart tissue was
greater than control normal group. Whereas
the curative group to which first two days
antioxidants and reduces the oxidative stress.
Salbutamol and then plant dose was given
showed that weights of its heart tissue was
Whereas the Base line group shows that plant
The result of Level of different enzymes in
had not effect on the heart tissue of rabbit
Preventive groups of rabbits showed that
coriander in Preventive group decrease the
LDL-Cholesterol level and triglycerides level
DISCUSSION
but increase the HDL-Cholesterol level. These
The significant (p<0.05) increase was results were confirmed by Karthikeyan et al.,
observed in the level of LDL-Cholesterol and
(2007) who evaluate the preventive role of
Cholesterol in salbutamol treated animals
compared to control normal group which is in
isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial injury
line with earlier report Sivakumar et al.,
(2007), and is an indication of myocardial
injury. The level of LDL cholesterol was
significantly (P<0.05) higher in salbutamol
increased oxidative stress which confirmed by
myocardial infarction induced rabbits, due to
Table 7: Effect of coriander on antioxidant enzyme (Peroxidase) on different experimental groups Time/Min. Control Salbutamol Inderoll Group Base line Curative Preventive
3 0.0041 0.080 0.0730 0.0047 0.0650 0.0523
Table 8: Effect of coriander on antioxidant enzyme (Superoxide Dismutase) on different experimental groups Time/Min. Control Salbutamol Inderoll Group Base line Curative Preventive
Table 9: Weights (in grams) of organs of different experimental groups of rabbits Organs Control SalbutamolG Inderoll Group Base Line Curative Preventive
the study of Gauthaman et al., (2006) that
Brain KR and Turner J, 1975.The principle
catalase and SOD level in both pre- and post-
Bactericidal activity of black peeper, bay
treatment showed that Coriandrum sativum
leaf, aniseed and coriander against oral
decreased the catalase and SOD level. The
isolates. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci 19:214-218.
Chithra V, Leelamma S, 1997. Hypolipidemic
level close to control normal group which
effect of Coriander seeds(Coriandrum sativum). Plant Foods Hum. Nutr 51:167-
indicated that Coriandrum sativum alone not
increase catalase level neither decrease. But
the decrease in catalase level is not clearly
understood. Whereas Coriandrum sativum in
both pre- and post-treatment decreased the
POD level which indicates antioxidant action
against free radicals and confirmed by the
Emamghoreishi, MHeidari-Hamedani G, 2006.
Sedative-Hypnotic Activity of Extracts and
(1999) that the formation of lipid peroxides
Essential Oil of Coriander Seeds. Iran J
declined whereas activities of antioxidant
enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase)
Farvin KHS., Anandan R, Kumar SHS, Shiny
increased in rats treated by Coriander
In conclusion, the results of the present
study indicate that the Coriandrum sativum
fresh leave extract after purification and
suitable extraction method can become an
2006.Cardioprotective effect of Hibiscus
REFERENCES
Aebi H and Berjmeyer HU, 1974. In method of
Implications of recent clinical trials for the
Adult Panel on Detection, Evaluation and
products with hypoglycemic, hypotensive,
hypocholesterolemic, antiathero-sclerotic
Joshi SG, 2000. Medicinal plants. Oxford and
Jain GC, Jhalani S, Agarwal S, and Jain K,
2007. Hypolipidemic and Antiatherosclerotic Effect of Leptadenia pyrotechnica Extract in Cholesterol Fed RabbitsAsian. J. Exp.Sci 21:112-115.
Ahmad M, Vohra EA, 2007. Profile of Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) in Pakistan. Pakistan journal of Medical Sciences 23.
Karthikeyan K, Bai BRS, Devaraj SN, 2007.
poranthocyanidins on serum and heart tissue lipids in rats subjected to isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury. Vascul Pharmacol 40:566-595.
Kakkar P, Das B, Vishwanathan PN, 1984. A
modified spectrophotometer assay of superoxide.Indian J. Biochem Biophys 21: 130-132.
Mathias ME, 1994.Magic, myth and medicine.
potential cardioprotective effects. Nutrition Noteworthy 7: 1-4.
Paglia D and Valentine W, 1967. Study on
quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte gluthathione POD. J. Lab. Clin. Med 17: 158-159.
Jeyakumar R, Rajaprabhu D, Ganesan B, Anandan R, 2007. Antilipidemic effect of chitosan against experimentally induced myocardial infarction in rats. Journal of Cell and Animal Biology 1:071-077.
effect of S-allyl cysteine sulphoxide (Alliin) on mitochondrial dysfunction in normal and isoproterenol induced cardiotoxicity in male Wistar rats: a histopathological study J. Pharm. Pharmacol 58: 617-623.
Waheed A, Miana G.A, Ahmad S.I. and Khan
M.A, 2006. Clinical investigation of hypoglycemic effect of Coriandrum sativum in type-2 (NIDDM) diabetic patients. Pakistan Journal of
L Ä Ä K Ä R I L I I T E RAUNO HARVIMA, ILKKA HARVIMA, LT, FT, IHOTAUTIEN JA LT, IHOTAUTIEN JA ALLERGOLOGIAN ALLERGOLOGIAN DOSENTTI, PROFESSORI, KUOPION YLIOPISTO YLIOPISTOLLINEN JA YLIOPISTOLLINEN SAIRAALA, SAIRAALA, IHOTAUTIEN KLINIKKA IHOTAUTIEN KLINIKKA PSORIASIKSEN HOIDOT: VANHAA JA UUTTA avulla. Yksittäistapauksissa harkitaan myös