Fish are crucial in oceanic carbon cycle : nature news

Fish are crucial in oceanic carbon cycle : Nature News http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090115/full/news.2009.30.html Published online 15 January 2009 | Nature | doi:10.1038/news.2009.30 Chemistry models need to incorporate new discovery.
Fish may play a more important role in the marine carboncycle than previously thought, a new study shows.
Researchers have found that fish excrete prodigious amountsof a mineral, calcium carbonate, that had been thought tocome almost exclusively from marine plankton such asshelled algae.
Biologists knew that bony fish — a group that includes mostfish apart from cartilaginous ones such as sharks and rays —produced calcium carbonate in their guts to rid themselves ofexcess calcium ingested from seawater. But this processhadn't been factored into models of ocean chemistry.
"This is the first study that has even tried to link carbonate Fish ingest calcium from seawater andexcrete it as calcium carbonate.
production by fish to global carbon cycles," says Rod Wilson,a fish physiologist at the University of Exeter, UK.
Wilson and his colleagues from the United Kingdom, theUnited States and Canada set about estimating the contribution of fish to global marine carbonateproduction. They took X-rays to observe carbonate formation in fish intestines and measured theamount excreted by the European flounder (Platichthys flesus) and the Gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta),model species studied previously in the authors' labs. Then, they used two independent computermodels to calculate the total mass of fish in the world's oceans.
The models suggested that there are between 0.8 billion tonnes and 2 billion tonnes of fish biomass inthe oceans. And this indicates that bony fish produce 40 million–110 million tonnes of calciumcarbonate per year, the study says. The range accounts for 3%–15% of the estimated total.
Below the surface
The lab results can be extrapolated to global fish populations, says Wilson, because the predictions are
based on well-studied relationships between fish metabolism, mass, activity level and temperature. The
estimate is conservative and could be as high as 45% of total calcium-carbonate production under more
liberal assumptions, he says. The study appears in Science.1
"They hit on an important but, before this, unrecognized source of calcium carbonate in the ocean," saysVictoria Fabry, an oceanographer at California State University, San Marcos.
Fish are crucial in oceanic carbon cycle : Nature News http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090115/full/news.2009.30.html And this might elucidate why ocean surface waters are more alkaline, or less acidic, than models havepredicted. The carbonate coming from plankton doesn't dissolve until it sinks to depths greater than1000 metres. But carbonate produced by fish contains more magnesium, an impurity that causes themineral to dissolve more readily and reduce the acidity of the water.
"It helps explain a dilemma we had with the calcium-carbonate budget," says Richard Feely, anoceanographer at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Pacific MarineEnvironmental Laboratory in Seattle, Washington, who has worked with one of the study's co-authors.
"There is a much better chance now that we can balance the marine carbon cycle." Changing with the climate
Fish may boost their carbonate production rate in response to increased carbon-dioxide levels, theresearchers suggest. Ocean scientists have warned that plankton and corals will produce less calciumcarbonate as the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere rises, but "what's a bit peculiar is we think fish go inthe other direction", Wilson says. Fish make calcium carbonate by combining calcium from seawaterwith carbonate ions generated from CO2 in their bodies. If the amount of atmospheric CO2 goes up asexpected — leading to a CO2 increase in the oceans — the fish may produce more carbonate ions andthus more calcium carbonate.
Learning how other processes affect fish carbonate production could be complex. For example,overfishing may lower the number of fish producing calcium carbonate, but it could also reduce theaverage size of fish in the oceans. Smaller fish, which are less likely to be harvested, produce morecalcium carbonate per body mass unit because of their higher metabolism. Preliminary modellingsuggests carbonate production will go down, says Wilson, but not by as much as you might expect.
The researchers plan to study more fish species and get firmer estimates of the dissolving rates ofmagnesium-rich carbonates. The results will also need to be verified by checking the amount offish-produced calcium carbonate in coastal sediments, where the mineral is likely to be preserved, saysFeely. References
1. Wilson, R. W. et al. Science 323, 359–362 (2009). | Article | ChemPort |
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